Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Martens PJ, Gysemans C, Verstuyf A, Mathieu AC. Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ. Vitamin D status and cardiovascular outcome. Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Consult a pediatrician before supplementing vitamin D in infants. There is deficient vitamin D in breastmilk alone.

Those with conditions that cause fat malabsorption such as cystic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, and chronic liver disease may be at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency.

Since vitamin D is fat-soluble, it requires some fat to be absorbed efficiently.

People who can't properly absorb fat (fat malabsorption).Older people also tend to spend more time indoors with decreased sun exposure. As we age, the ability to produce vitamin D decreases. Those with darker skin should ensure they consume adequate levels of vitamin D.

Those with darker skin have more melanin, which absorbs the sun's rays and reduces the body's ability to produce vitamin D. While wearing sunscreen has many important benefits, it can limit vitamin D production in exposed skin. Additionally, people who spend little to no time out of doors are likely not receiving enough vitamin D. If you live somewhere with cold fall and winter months, you may have limited sun exposure. The amount of vitamin D formed through skin exposure varies based on season and location.

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